Description Ever since humans began to live together in settlements they have felt the need to organize some kind of defense against potentially hostile neighbors.
Many of the earliest city states were built as walled towns, and during the medieval era, stone castles were built both as symbols of the defenders' strength and as protection against potential attack.
The advent of cannon prompted fortifications to become lower, denser, and more complex, and the forts of the eighte.
Osprey Publishing (uk) Forts: an illustrated history of building for defence, hardcover/the national archives
