Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently - instead, a quantum state may be given for the system as a whole.
Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, polarization, etc.
, performed on entangled particles are found to be appropriately correlated.
For example, if a pair of particles is generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero, and one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis, then the spin of the other particle, measured on the same axis, will be found to be counterclockwise; because of the nature of quantum measurement.
However, this behavior gives rise to paradoxical effects: any measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle (e.
, by collapsing a number of superposed states); and in the case of entangled particles, such action must be on the entangled system as a whole.
It thus appears that one particle of an entangled pair knows what measurement has been performed on the other, and with what outcome, even though there is no known means for such information to be communicated between the particles, which at the time of measurement may be separated by arbitrarily large distances.
Such phenomena were the subject of a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, and several papers by Erwin Schr dinger shortly thereafter, describing what came to be known as the EPR paradox.
Einstein and others considered such behavior to be impossible, as it violated the local realist view of causality (Einstein referring to it as spooky action at a distance) and argued that the accepted formulation of quantum mechanics must therefore be incomplete.
Later, however, the counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics were verified experimentally.
Experiments have been performed involving measuring t.
| Effects | Any measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle (e g by collapsing a number of superposed states) |
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Createspace Independent Publishing Platform Quantum entanglement !: ...spooky action at a distance., paperback/edited by paul f. kisak
