The long game: china's grand strategy to displace american order - Rush Doshi

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Drawing from decades worth of primary sources, a unique look into the Chinese government's grand strategy and what its true foreign policy objectives mean for the United States.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries--not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or even the Soviet Union--has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, as well as careful analysis of China's conduct, to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from regional and global order through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Doshi shows how China's strategy is profoundly shaped by key events that change its perception of American power--the end of the Cold War, the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the populist elections of 2016, and the coronavirus pandemic of 2020.

Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response to the China challenge.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for- dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

A bold assessment of what the Chinese government's true foreign policy objectives are, The Long Game offers valuable insight to the most important rivalry in world politics.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries -- not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union -- has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actually accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to a more even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries - not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union - has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actively accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to an even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries - not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union - has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP.

China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States.

What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game , Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War.

Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential strategies of displacement.

Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on hiding capabilities and biding time.

After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of actively accomplishing something.

Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to an even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase great changes unseen in century.

After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response.

Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.