Founded in 1897 as the National Congress of Mothers, the National Parent Teacher Association (PTA) was open to African American members but excluded them in practice.
In 1926, a separate black PTA was created to serve the segregated schools of the American South.
After the Brown v.
Board of Education decision in 1954, black and white PTA leaders faced the difficult prospect of integrating all national, state, and local units, which resulted in a protracted unification process that lasted .
Ohio State University Press The national pta, race, and civic engagement, 1897-1970, paperback/christine woyshner
