In the 18th and 19th centuries, relations between China and the West were defined by the Qing dynasty's strict restrictions on foreign access and by the West's imperial ambitions.
Cultural, political and economic interactions were often fraught, with suspicion and misunderstanding on both sides.
Yet trade flourished and there were instances of cultural exchange and friendship, running counter to the official narrative.
Tribute and Trade : China and Global Modernity.
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Sydney University Press Tribute and trade, paperback/william christie
